Green Cotton

What do Lauren Hutton, Animal Planet’s Jeff Corwin, and Gossip Girl actress Tamara Feldman have in common? They all turned out to support eco-friendly fashion on the eve of New York’s Fashion Week. Fashion professionals, celebrities, and environmentalists alike united Thursday night to take a stand on the fashion front at the Be EcoChic campaign’s Global Launch Event.

Be EcoChic is an “earth friendly, fashion forward” initiative in partnership with the Sierra Club and created by innovative fashion luminaries and environmental leaders. What better way to showcase going green than with a New York fashion show? The event, held at the Milstein Hall of Ocean Life in the American Museum of Natural History, was hosted by Angela Lindvall, model, activist and co-star of Planet Green’s “AlterEco.”

Popular designers turned out fashion forward wares, all of which featured sustainable, low-impact or recycled materials. Leading names in mainstream fashion participated alongside leaders in eco-fashion, from Donna Karan (DKNY) to Rogan Gregory (Loomstate). There were plenty of celebrity walkers to please the crowd, including Lauren Hutton, Tamara Feldman, Dominique Swain and supermodel Alex Wek. Environmentalists got to be models, too, from Jayni Chase to Mary Richardson Kennedy.

“This campaign brings eco-lifestyle mainstream by raising awareness of how making small, meaningful changes can have a positive impact on the environment,” said host Lindvall. “To ‘be eco chic’ not only applies to your wardrobe but also to your state of mind.”

And for this campaign, being eco-chic means walking the talk: the campaign ensured the entire event was eco-friendly, offsetting its carbon emissions through donations to CarbonFund.org. No need to leave a big carbon footprint on the catwalk.

Lauren Hutton featured above photosource: Ecorazzi

Visit Be EcoChic, to learn more about the Global Launch Event. Learn about America’s oldest, largest and most influential grassroots environmental organization, at the Sierra Club .

For more pictures of the Be EcoChic fashion show, head to Organic Beauty View. To read more on the campaign, also visit The Fashion Spot.

Photosources: Top, ‘Be Eco Chic’ runway show, NY Fashion Week 2008 found at organicbeautyview.com Lauren Hutton, ecorazzi.com

Post By Erin Dale

Most natural textiles – cotton, wool, linen, tencel, bamboo – are naturally cream or pale brown. Almost universally these fabrics are bleached before dyeing.

Natural shades of textiles vary, and starting the dye process with a white fabric enables the factory to anticipate the final color more precisely.

So honestly, how safe and environmentally friendly is it to bleach fabrics?

You know that bottle of bleach in your laundry room? The one with the safety cap, the warnings not to drink it or let children handle it or inhale the fumes or mix it with anything lest it go bang? That’s the exact same product that textiles are bleached with. And, often discharged into rivers.

The most widely used industrial bleaches are chlorine compounds, usually sodium hypochlorite – household bleach - or chlorine dioxide. Both are hazardous to factory workers, who are at risk of burns, lung and eye injuries.

So how do industrial bleaches affect the environment?

Sodium hypochlorite oxidizes organic matter in rivers and oceans to produce chemicals called trihalomethanes,  some of which are carcinogenic.

Chlorine dioxide also produces trihalomethanes in waterways. It also can form dioxins – carcinogens, mutagens, and tetrogenic compounds - which the body stores in fatty tissues almost indefinitely.

Bleaching also consumes large amounts of natural resources; primarily vast quantities of water used to rinse the fabric after bleaching, otherwise any residual bleach would weaken the fibers.

What are the alternatives to bleach ?

Unbleached fabrics clearly have an environmental advantage. Here’s a skater t-shirt for dudes,  and if I was four, I’d have a tantrum for this gorgeous little dress.

For other colors – and particularly for white and pale colors, such as achieving perfectly white jeans, or a pure white wedding dress, require the use of bleach.

Less environmentally damaging solutions to bleaching are the use of either hydrogen peroxide or ozone bleach. Both are chlorine-free, fairly benign chemical processes which produce no dioxins or trihalomethanes, and use less energy and water than chlorine-based bleach.

According to an ozone bleach promotional website, chlorine bleaching requires 8.28MJ of energy, and emits 800g of CO₂ to whiten 1kg of cotton yarn.

To bleach the same amount of cotton with ozone bleach would require 60% less energy and produce half the CO₂ emissions.

Ozone breaks down into pure oxygen as it bleaches, with no other by-products. But it’s hard to use, and factories must invest in new bleaching machinery to use ozone. Some factories are beginning to use ozone bleach in conjunction with chlorine bleach to reduce the quantity of chlorine bleach used – a step in the right direction.

Hydrogen peroxide has a similarly low environmental impact, as it breaks down into water and oxygen as it bleaches. It’s also easier to use, and products bleached with hydrogen peroxide are on our shelves (or our virtual shelves). Loop’s organic cotton towels and bedding are bleached with hydrogen peroxide, and ROMP’s organic white cotton shirts printed with French song lyrics are too.

Could Chlorine Bleaching Be Eliminated From the Textile Industry?

Chlorine bleaching currently dominates the textile industry but existing alternative technologies exist that can be used reasonably easily and cheaply, and have much lower environmental impact. Bleach pollution is a major problem, but it is one with a solution, and it’s possible that one day it will be history.

And for brides to be: yes! you can buy a wedding dress with without bleach. Olivia Luca’s wedding dresses made from unbleached fair trade handwoven silk shantung are elegant and eco-friendly.

Photo source above: Flickr

Some good or bad news came out this week– depending on your perspective: Steve & Barry’s, retailer for low cost brands, filed for bankruptcy on Wednesday. Despite the ethical and environmental questions that many of us had in recent months (see Green Cotton’s Part I and Part II of the Cheapest Dress in the World), I must admit that I was shocked by the news.

Given their tremendous growth over the past two years (opening more than 200 stores) coupled with high profile draw of their celebrity lines such as Bitten by Sarah Jessica Parker, I was not under the impression that they were about to go under. Rather, I thought they were enjoying a price-driven surge amidst our economic downturn that would last for years to come. As a privately held company however, it appears we were not given the whole story until recently.

According to this weeks NY Times article and CNN reports, it appears that Steve & Barry’s may have miscalculated cash flow on a couple of fronts: 1) increasing lease costs (due to lapses in temporary landlord incentives put in place to incentize entry into resource-poor areas); 2) decreasing revenue from certain items such as the Jessica Parker dress (featured in Part I and Part II) associated with temporarily lowered prices; 3) high celebrity licensing fees and 4) all of the above combined, creating an inability to pay off immediate debts.

All these factors, combined with rising oil prices, tightening of credit markets and decreased retail vitality, create a sure-fire formula for a downward crash. Steve & Barry’s is not the first company to run into these problems.

Yet what is unique about Steve & Barry’s story for me, and perhaps some of you, is that the company’s downturn represents yet another example of conventional input-focused models (driven almost exclusively by price) failing to deliver over time. To me their story was inevitable, it just happened to be a lot sooner than I expected.

It is becoming increasingly apparent to me (as oil prices increase and ice caps continue to melt) that when businesses adopt environmental sustainability criteria and fair wage practices from the beginning of production to the storefront, a more sustainable business model is created, not only for our generation, but for generations to come. Even when this means passing some increased cost onto consumers, ultimately this is a good thing, since it creates a market based on “true costs” rather than partial or imagined ones.

The other benefit of increasing product cost (eg in the case of organic clothing), is that ultimately that means we will buy fewer dresses or other items for the season. Plus, we are more likely to appreciate the items more since we invested more in them and will likely not throw them away as quickly. By the way, 80% of garments end up in the landfill within a few years of their purchase (!).

On the other hand, countless companies are currently pioneering social and environmental programs that actually save them money over time and therefore do not lead to increased customer costs. For example, Patagonia, Stoneyfield Farms, Eileen Fisher, Seventh Generation, Timberland, the list goes on….have all proven in one way or another that environmentally sustainable practices (recycling programs, renewable energy investments, waste management, organic fabric sourcing) can all be profitable - in addition to sustainable. See Stirring it Up by Gary Hirschberg for more details. (By the way, I just finished reading that book - and it is great, highly recommend it!).

By creating more holistic business practices that factor in natural resources which are not finite as well as human resources, the fabric of global communities, perhaps our companies will stay in business longer too. Margins may be higher and we may simultaneously create stronger linkages between the land we cultivate, the workers and artisans that produce our goods and those of us who buy them.

May the Steve & Barry lesson be one that others learn from in carving their path into the retail future.

Photosource top: Mark Lennihan/Associated Press as seen in The NY Times

Photosource below: Tony Ciola for the NY Times also noted in Green Cotton post on the Cheapest Dress Part I

By Brit

I’ve been reading volumes of information about dyes, synthetic and natural, in the last few weeks and I’m horrified at the pollution and devastating health issues caused by several popular synthetic dyes. I am also saddened to learn of limitations on environmentally friendly natural dyes. It’s enough to make a girl contemplate wearing only undyed fabrics from now on. If only that didn’t mean beige.

I have light brown hair, and skin the color of milk that I gave up trying to tan long ago. And while I love Lily Cole, Keira Knightly and Dita Von Teese for being living proof of the ability to look gorgeous and pale, a wardrobe that’s almost the same color as my skin is going to make me look like a filing cabinet from The Office rather than Scarlett Johansen.

So let’s leave the all-beige outfits to Calvin Klein devotees and Dunder Mifflin Paper Company employees, and consider our colorful options. Thankfully, many designers are using natural dyes in an environmentally friendly manner, and synthetic dyes, while still being far from an ecological alternative, are becoming somewhat greener.

Synthetic dyes have two main areas of concern.

• Many synthetic dyes are highly toxic to dye workers, and may cause adverse health effects to those who wear dyed clothes.
• Dye factories are very polluting. Dying involves vast quantities of water, and dyeing processes usually waste a large proportion of the dye. The water containing the waste dye – dye effluent - is highly problematic. Dye can be chemically removed from the effluent, cleaning to the water to a government-approved standard, and the factory then dumps the water into a river. But quantities of dye still enter the waterways. And there is still the problem of disposing of the sludge of waste dye removed from the water. Research to treat dye effluent with fungi, bacteria, and other organic methods is in it’s infancy, but may eventually help to deal with the waste dye pollution problem.

Here are some ways to buy clothes dyed with greener, less polluting, synthetic dyes.

• Buy European. Europe has banned a number of known carcinogenic azo dyes. Clothing manufactured or sold in Europe can’t be dyed with any of those dyes.   British boutiques like Fashion-Conscience, Equa, and Adili shine with gorgeous and ethical pieces. If only the exchange rate didn’t make me weep! I’ve been resisting this season’s maxi dresses, on the basis that I would look like a walking tent, but I admit defeat in the face of this white maxi with a wood bead neckline from Adili. Trapeze dresses, wide leg jeans and more high fashion looks abound at Fashion-Conscience: forget beige with this intense azure blue embroidered shirt.  As well as women’s clothes, Equa sells darling baby gear such as this raspberry colored dress with animal appliqués.

• Avoid dark colors. The most harmful dyes are often the darker colors. Black wool dye often requires a toxic chromium mordant. The most inexpensive dark blue, brown and black cotton dyes are usually sulfur dyes, which have corrosive, highly toxic sulfur compounds as by-products. Cheap, dark colored cotton is bad.

• Avoid Azo Dyes. A large number of azo dyes are carcinogens, or are formulated from carcinogenic chemicals. Scientific consensus seems to be that the final dye product is safe to wear, but there have been incidences of a “safe” dye reverting back to a carcinogen in the body. Imagine that a baby chewing on her bib or sleeve will be ingesting dye.

• Low Impact, Fiber Reactive Dyes are those which bond very tightly to the fabric, with a high take-up rate of dye by the cloth. In this process, more dye binds to the fabric, less is wasted in the factory dye bath, so there’s less waste dye to end up in a river. Still synthetic, still petro-chemical based, but their improved permanence – the dye actually becomes part of the fiber – means that your baby can chew on a Zee Spot organic, low impact dye baby onesie more safely.

Currently, there are no true environmentally friendly synthetic dyes available, and natural dyes, used considerately, are the only true green option to dye clothing.

Natural dyes have limitations, especially that only so much can be manufactured before the scale of production begins to adversely effect the environment. The solution has to involve genuine environmentally friendly synthetic dyes. Supporting designers who use low-impact dyes and non-azo dyes will send a message to chemical companies that yes, we do want, and yes, we will buy eco-friendly dyes, so please keep researching and working to make your products cleaner, less polluting, and less toxic.

Photosource top: The Synthetic Dye Collection by Rose Madder www.micro.magnet.fsu.edu/micro/gallery/dyes/dye3.jpg

Madder Plant used for natural dying.

By Brit

Before the middle of the nineteenth century, all dyes were extracted from plants, animals or minerals. Then, when synthetic dyes were discovered in 1856, textile producers found that synthetics were cheaper, easier to apply, more colorfast, and could be produced in a wider and brighter range of colors. Natural dyes quickly fell from favor, to be replaced by synthetic dyes for most applications.

Synthetic dyes can also be extremely toxic to manufacture, and harmful to dye workers. Textile factories where fabrics are dyed, consume vast quantities of water to dissolve the dye. Once the fabric is dyed, the dye-contaminated water is treated to some extent, then expelled into rivers.

As hazards and pollution due to synthetic dyes have become more apparent, more attention has been paid to natural dyes.

Natural dyes sound oh-so-good, conjuring up romantic images of dyeing wool with berries and herbs. Many crafters love working with natural dyes for their intrinsic color variability, and the challenge of mastering the skill of natural dying.

However, dying with a natural dyes can be difficult and there are downsides: the dyes are harder to apply to fabrics, and the process is more of an art than a science. The final color is affected by many variables which can be part of the charm of natural dyes, but also can lead to challenges in making them consistent and/or desirable.

For a commercial application, consistency is very important and is a major reason why natural dyes are rarely produced commercially.

Commercial natural dyes also unfortunately have a couple of serious side effects that in some cases render them harmful – in some cases as damaging as synthetic dyes. By the way, natural does not mean non-toxic; many natural substances are toxic.

• Most natural dyes require a mordant. Many mordants like salt, alum, and natural mordants like pomegranate are used in some cases, but for some colors, like to dye wool black, chromium, an extremely toxic heavy metal, is needed.

• Producing natural dyes from the plant, may involve harmful chemicals. Madder dye (see image of plat at top) is often extracted by dissolving the roots of the plant in sulphuric acid. Sodium hydroxide is needed to produce natural indigo dye.

• Natural dyes are not necessarily safe: natural indigo dye is a skin, eye and respiratory system irritant.

• Vegetarians and vegans take note: cochineal, a red dye, is made from ground up insects. Lac dye, a scarlet color, is also produced from insects. Both these dyes also require sodium hydroxide in their production.

• Issues with producing dyes on a commercial scale. Many natural dye plants grow in tropical areas where agricultural land is often at a premium. Reallocating land and water away from food crops, or clearing land to grow dye plants, is harmful to local people and the environment.

Lawsonia, or Henna plant (featured above) is used for a wide range of color derivatives for hair and other purposes. There are three species of this plant used for dying extracts.

So do natural dyes have just as many issues as synthetic ones? It appears that there are many considerations to weigh at the decision table. Fortunately, with considerate dyeing practices, natural dyes can be used in a much more environmentally friendly way than synthetic dyes.

Here’s some artists, designers and clothing companies who do use safe, natural dyes, and or other methods of dyeing fabrics naturally.

Earth Creations dye their organic cotton, sweatshop-free basics and active wear with clays and mud. Clay never, never comes off, doesn’t require any other chemicals, and when the dyeing is done, the clay be returned to the earth safely.

Investigate Tinctoria if you are heading to festivals, or packing for Ibiza. Tinctoria deliberately avoids harmful chemicals when dyeing their boho wares with natural dyes. ROMP, a British runway-worthy design house, also use similar safe dyes for their clothing and denim. Ocelot Clothing, from San Francisco, makes tribal-inspired prints using the ancient itajime dyeing technique.

And for men, Truly Organic Apparel has a range of mens’ - and womens’ too - clothes dyed with safe natural dyes.

ColorGrown cotton - also called FoxFibre, or Colorganic cotton - naturally grows in shades of creams, greens and browns so no further dye is required. The Colorgrown Clothing Company sells organic color grown baby hats, shirts and blankets, and basics and lingerie can be found at Cottonfield and Rawganique. Jonano also sells this gently colored cotton, including a cafe-au-lait colorgrown cotton dress that I’d love for a beach vacation.

So we can get our do yoga, sleep, and dress our children well in clothing colored with safe, natural dyes from a growing number of independent, caring companies.

Currently, our options for drinking cocktails, going to the office, a Raconteurs gig or a wedding are more limited. Where can we buy fashionable naturally dyed garments? Hopefully, with more heed being paid to the consequences of using synthetic dyes, more and more clothing designers will be answering that question soon.

Photo source top: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Haematoxylum_campechianum_Ypey69.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lawsonia_inermis_Ypey36.jpg